Question

How do chemical reactions power batteries and fuel cells?

Answer 1

Chemical reactions power batteries and fuel cells through the controlled flow of electrons generated in redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions. In batteries, these reactions occur between the anode (negative electrode) and the cathode (positive electrode), separated by an electrolyte that allows ion movement while preventing electron flow. At the anode, a chemical is oxidized, releasing electrons, while at the cathode, a chemical is reduced, accepting those electrons. The movement of electrons through an external circuit generates electric current. Fuel cells operate similarly but use a continuous supply of reactants, such as hydrogen and oxygen, instead of storing them internally. In a hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen molecules are oxidized at the anode, producing protons and electrons, while oxygen molecules are reduced at the cathode, combining with protons and electrons to form water. These electrochemical reactions efficiently convert chemical energy into electrical energy, powering devices and vehicles while emitting minimal waste.

Answer 2

Batteries and fuel cells generate electricity through chemical reactions. In a battery, when in use, a chemical reaction occurs at the anode, releasing electrons through an external circuit to the cathode, creating an electric current. The ions move through the electrolyte inside the battery to maintain charge balance. As the reaction continues, the battery’s reactants are used up, and it eventually runs out of power. In a fuel cell, fuel (like hydrogen) is supplied to the anode, where it is oxidized, releasing electrons. These electrons travel through an external circuit, producing electricity. At the cathode, oxygen combines with the protons and electrons to form water. Unlike batteries, fuel cells can produce electricity continuously as long as fuel is provided. Both rely on chemical reactions to generate electrical energy, but fuel cells can operate indefinitely with a steady fuel supply.