Cách sử dụng "Sighposting words" và "Linking words"?

Question

Ghi cách sử dụng "Sighposting words" và "Linking words". Cho ví dụ cụ thể.

Answer 1

• Signposting words

Signposting words are used in both speech and writing as a way to organise content and make it clear to the listener or reader where the content is going. Below are some typical signposting words for:

1. Ordering main points: firstly, secondly, next, finally, lastly.

2. Ordering a process or narrative: first, then, after that, afterwards.

3. Giving examples: for instance, for example.

4. Summarising: in conclusion, in summary.

All of these signposting words can be followed by a comma and a clause.

→ Firstly, there are many activities youth can become involved in.

In speech, a signposting word can be followed by a noun, a verb, or an adjective.

→ Today, I am going to look at youth problems. Firstly, alienation. Then, peer pressure. And lastly, antisocial behaviour.

NOTE: This cannot be done in writing.

• Linking words

These words link ideas together so that speech or writing can be followed clearly.

Positioning of linking words: Linking words can be positioned in a variety of ways within a sentence. Here you can see a simplified guide to the main constructions:

1	Linking word + Noun, Clause       OR       Clause + Linking word + Noun
2	Linking word, Clause
3	Clause 1, Linking word + Clause 2       OR      Clause 1; Linking word, Clause 2
4	Linking word + Clause 1, Clause 2

Different linking words have different functions and need different constructions:

Showing an addition: in addition (2), in addition to (1), moreover (2), furthermore (2), and (3).

Showing a contrast: however (2/3), in contrast (2), in contrast to (1), whereas (3/4), although (3/4), even though (3/4), yet (3), but (3).

Giving a reason: due to (1), because (3/4), because of (1), as (3/4).

Indicating a result: therefore (2/3), so (2/3), as a result (2), as a result of (1).

Providing clarification: in other words (2), by that I mean (2).